摘 要:傳統(tǒng)的油基鉆井液采用有機(jī)土作為增黏劑來(lái)增加懸浮重晶石的能力,是一種含土相的油基鉆井液,高密度條件下含土相油基鉆井液流變性控制困難限制了其應(yīng)用的范圍。為此,以新研制的復(fù)合型乳化劑(G326-HEM)為核心,構(gòu)建了無(wú)土相油基鉆井液體系,并對(duì)該配方進(jìn)行了優(yōu)選和性能實(shí)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明:①無(wú)土相油基鉆井液體系無(wú)須使用輔乳化劑、潤(rùn)濕劑,具有配方簡(jiǎn)單,高密度條件下流變性好等特性;②與含土相鉆井液相比,高密度條件下塑性黏度、終切力低,降低了高密度鉆井液因黏切高誘發(fā)井漏的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),可節(jié)省l0%的基礎(chǔ)油;③塑性黏度和動(dòng)切力隨著油水比的降低而升高,不同密度下的油基鉆井液選用不同的油水比;④無(wú)土相油基體系配方對(duì)基礎(chǔ)油的適應(yīng)性較廣,可廣泛應(yīng)用于合成基、礦物油基鉆井液。結(jié)論認(rèn)為,該成果較好地解決了無(wú)土相體系在高密度條件下的電穩(wěn)定性弱、懸浮穩(wěn)定性差的難題,為頁(yè)巖氣及其他非常規(guī)氣藏規(guī)模開發(fā)提供了技術(shù)保障。
關(guān)鍵詞:油基 鉆井液 頁(yè)巖氣 水平井 乳化劑 無(wú)土相 電穩(wěn)定性 懸浮穩(wěn)定性
Development of a clay-free oil-based drilling fluid with a low shearing force and high density
Abstract:A traditional clay oil-base drilling fluid is added with organic soil as a tackifier to increase its sufficient barites suspension properties.However,due to its high density,its rheological properties are difficult to control,which restricts its wide application.Therefore,a clay free oil-based drilling fluid system was established with the focus on a newly-developed composite emulsifier(G326-HEM),and the optimization and performance tests wer;performed on this formula.The test results indicated that:(1)neither auxiliary emulsifiers nor wetting agents were necessary,and this drilling fluid was featured by a simple formula and a good rheological property even with high density;(2)compared with a clay drilling fluid with high density,this clay free oil-based drilling fluid had a low plastic viscosity and a shearing force to reduce a potential circulation loss caused by high viscous shearing,which saved the base oil by l0%;(3)the plastic viscosity and dynamic shear force increased with the decrease of oil water ratios and different oil-water ratios were selected to prepare oil_ba驢drilling fluids with different densities;(4)the formula of the clay free oil base svstem was greatly adaptable to base oil and could be used for compounding based and mineral oil-base drilling fluid.This fluid can not only solve such problems as weak electrical stability and poor suspension stability of clay-free system under high density but provide technical support for the scale development of shale gas and other unconventional gas reservoirs.
Keywords:oil base drilling fluid,shale gas,horizontal well,emulsifier,clay free,electrical stability,suspension stability
目前我國(guó)在開發(fā)頁(yè)巖氣及非常規(guī)氣藏的過程中使用的油基鉆井液[1-4]是一種含土相油基鉆井液,采用有機(jī)土作為增黏劑、懸浮重晶石。在應(yīng)用過程中暴露出高密度條件下含土相油基鉆井液流變性控制困難,當(dāng)量循環(huán)密度高,在起下鉆或開泵時(shí)激動(dòng)壓力較高,易誘發(fā)井漏或井壁失穩(wěn),亟需開發(fā)一種新型油基鉆井液解決上述難題。例如四川某區(qū)塊JH-11井與QL-6井在鉆遇高壓層位壓井時(shí),由于含土相油基鉆井液體系流變性差,誘發(fā)漏失,JH-11井漏失油基鉆井液450m3,直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失630萬(wàn)元,處理復(fù)雜損失工時(shí)28d。QD6井漏失油基鉆井液520m3,直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失728萬(wàn)元,處理復(fù)雜損失工時(shí)35d,井漏的同時(shí)也伴隨嚴(yán)重的井控風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2]。
使用油溶性或油溶脹性聚合物提高鉆井液的黏度和切力,代替有機(jī)土,以復(fù)合型乳化劑G326-HEM為核心構(gòu)建了無(wú)土相油基鉆井液體系[5-7]。具有塑性黏度低、靜切力小、當(dāng)量循環(huán)密度低等突出特點(diǎn)。無(wú)土相油基鉆井液只需要很小的驅(qū)動(dòng)力,即可破壞其形成的空間結(jié)構(gòu),解決高密度含土相鉆井液因結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度太大而造成憋泵、開泵泵壓過高、當(dāng)量循環(huán)密度過大誘發(fā)井漏的問題[8-10]。
1 無(wú)土相油基鉆井液體系的構(gòu)建
1.1 乳化劑的用量
在無(wú)土相油基鉆井液中,由于沒有有機(jī)土的作用,鉆井液體系的電穩(wěn)定性差,加重材料極易沉淀,針對(duì)上述的特點(diǎn),對(duì)乳化劑進(jìn)行針對(duì)性研究,合成出復(fù)合型乳化劑(G326-HEM)。該乳化劑不需要與輔乳化劑復(fù)配使用,由于其自身具有對(duì)加重材料的潤(rùn)濕功能因此配制高密度油基鉆井液也無(wú)須使用滑濕劑,以該乳化劑為核心構(gòu)建無(wú)土相油基體系,與以往含土相油基鉆井液相比極大簡(jiǎn)化了體系配方[11-13]。
采用已有的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法u陽(yáng)得到復(fù)合型乳化劑G326-HEM加量與體系電穩(wěn)定性能結(jié)果(圖1)。
當(dāng)乳化劑加量大于3%時(shí),體系的破乳電壓增加較快,加量為3%時(shí),體系的破乳電壓達(dá)到850V,而當(dāng)乳化劑加量5%時(shí)體系的破乳電壓已經(jīng)達(dá)到1650V??紤]當(dāng)乳化劑加量為3%時(shí),體系的破乳電壓已經(jīng)能夠滿足需要。因此選用乳化劑加量為3%。
1.2 乳化劑的抗溫性能
測(cè)試了不同溫度熱滾前后體系的電穩(wěn)定性,以此考察乳化劑的抗溫性能。由圖2可知,熱滾后的破乳電壓均高于400V,但200℃以上破乳電壓下降較快。因此將該乳化劑適宜的溫度定為200℃以內(nèi)。
1.3 無(wú)土相油基鉆井液配方
通過配方試驗(yàn)得到無(wú)士相油基鉆井液配方:基礎(chǔ)油+16%氯化鈣鹽水+3.0%復(fù)合型乳化劑(G326-HEM)+2.0%氫氧化鈣+4.0%降濾失劑G328+1.0%增黏劑+0.5%提切劑+加重材料。
2 無(wú)土相油基鉆井液體系的性能評(píng)價(jià)
2.1 不同油水比對(duì)體系性能的影響
通過測(cè)試高密度不同油水比條件下鉆井液的流變性能,優(yōu)選了高密度條件下無(wú)土相油基鉆井液的最佳油水比范圍(圖3)。
由圖3可知,油基鉆井液塑性黏度和動(dòng)切力隨著油水比的降低而升高。當(dāng)鉆井液密度為2.20g/cm3,適宜的油水比為80:20,此時(shí)鉆井液的塑性黏度和動(dòng)切力均在合理的范圍之內(nèi),隨著鉆井液密度的繼續(xù)升高,鉆井液的油水比也升高,防止黏切過高。
2.2 無(wú)土相與含土相油基鉆井液對(duì)比
在相同密度條件下(2.30g/cm3),對(duì)這2種油基鉆井液的流變性能進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)比(圖4、5)。
由上述試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可知,在相同密度、油水比條件下無(wú)土相油基鉆井液比含土相鉆井液的塑性黏度、終切力低,相同塑性黏度和終切力條件下,無(wú)土相油基鉆井液比含土相油基鉆井液的油水比低10%,無(wú)土相油基鉆井液可以節(jié)省10%基礎(chǔ)油,有利于調(diào)節(jié)流變性,降低了高密度含土相鉆井液因黏切高誘發(fā)井漏的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
2.3 不同基礎(chǔ)油對(duì)體系性能的影響
使用3號(hào)白油、0號(hào)柴油和氣質(zhì)油Saraline 185V作為體系的基礎(chǔ)油,測(cè)試了不同基礎(chǔ)油配制的無(wú)土相油基鉆井液性能,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果見表1所示。
由表l試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可知,使用氣質(zhì)油Saraline 185V配制的高密度無(wú)土相油基鉆井液塑性黏度、終切力最低,使用柴油配制的高密度無(wú)土相油基鉆井液高溫高壓濾失量和破乳電壓均最高。使用3種不同的基礎(chǔ)油配制的鉆井液各項(xiàng)性能均在合理范圍內(nèi),表明該配方對(duì)基礎(chǔ)油的適應(yīng)性較廣,可廣泛應(yīng)用于合成基、礦物油基鉆井液。
2013年10月,在四川省瀘州市通過了殼牌公司組織了鉆井液專家對(duì)無(wú)土相油基鉆井液體系性能的測(cè)試,與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)使用的油基鉆井液相比靜切力降低廠20.8%,達(dá)到了國(guó)外公司期望的高密度低切力的要求。
3 結(jié)論
1)以復(fù)合型乳化劑G326-HEM為核心構(gòu)建無(wú)土相油基體系,無(wú)須使用輔乳化劑、潤(rùn)濕劑具有配方簡(jiǎn)單,高密度條件下流變性好等特性。
2)無(wú)土相油基鉆井液與含土相鉆井液相比,高密度條件下塑性黏度、終切力低,降低了高密度鉆井液因黏切高誘發(fā)井漏的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),可節(jié)省l0%基礎(chǔ)油。
3)油基鉆井液塑性黏度和動(dòng)切力隨著油水比的降低而升高,不同密度下的油基鉆井液選用不同的油水比。
4)無(wú)土相油基體系配方對(duì)基礎(chǔ)油的適應(yīng)性較廣,可廣泛應(yīng)用于合成基、礦物油基鉆井液。
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本文作者:張小平 王京光 楊斌 吳滿祥 王勇強(qiáng)
作者單位:低滲透油氣田勘探開發(fā)國(guó)家工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室·中國(guó)石油川慶鉆探工程公司鉆采工程技術(shù)研究院
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